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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Board of Technical & Commerce Education Peshawar - Diploma in Information Technology (Part-I) - 1st Term Examination 2026 - Paper: Introduction to Information and Communication Technologies
Time Allowed: 03 Hours | Max Marks: 75 | Part-A 20 Minutes (15 Marks) Compulsory.
Ans: c) RAM - CPU components are ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), CU (Control Unit), and Registers. RAM is main memory, separate from CPU, not inside CPU. Option b) CPU itself is whole, not component, but RAM is most correct as external.
Ans: c) Word - MS Word is word processor for creating structured documents, letters, reports. Photoshop is for image editing, Excel is for spreadsheets, PowerPoint for presentations.
Ans: a) Firewall - Firewall monitors and controls incoming/outgoing network traffic based on security rules and blocks unauthorized access. Anti-Virus detects and removes viruses, not access control.
Ans: a) Voice Over Internet Protocol - Technology that allows voice calls using internet instead of traditional phone lines. Example: WhatsApp calls, Skype, Zoom calls.
Ans: b) Scanner - Scanner converts physical documents into digital form (input). Printer is output, ROM is memory (storage), USB is interface/storage device.
Answer: Web Browser - Example: Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, Safari. Browser interprets HTML and displays web pages.
Answer: Keyboard - Primary input device with keys for alphabets, numbers, symbols. Used to type text, commands, data.
Answer: USB Flash Drive / Pen Drive - Small portable device that uses flash memory to store and transfer data. Capacity from 8GB to 256GB, plug-and-play via USB port.
Answer: Antivirus / Anti-Virus Software - Example: Avast, Norton, McAfee, Windows Defender. Protects computer from malware, viruses, spyware.
Answer: Cloud Storage - Example: Google Drive, Dropbox, OneDrive, iCloud. Data stored on remote servers and accessible over Internet from anywhere, anytime.
Ans: False - Correct is RAM stands for Random Access Memory and is Volatile. It loses data when power off. Non-volatile is ROM/Hard Disk. Two mistakes in statement.
Ans: True - Cyber crime includes hacking, phishing, identity theft, online fraud, cyberbullying done via computers and internet.
Ans: True - RAID combines multiple physical disks into one logical unit for data redundancy and performance improvement. Levels: RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 5.
Ans: False - PowerPoint is Presentation Software used to create slides. Project Management Software example is Microsoft Project, Trello, Asana.
Ans: True - FireWire (IEEE 1394) is high-speed interface developed by Apple, used for connecting video cameras, external hard drives, up to 800 Mbps, similar to USB.
Embedded computers are small computers built into other devices to perform specific tasks. They are not general-purpose like PC, but dedicated to one function. They have microcontroller, limited memory, run embedded OS. Examples: Computer inside washing machine, microwave oven, car ABS system, ATM machine, medical equipment, smart watch. They work automatically without user interaction and are low-cost, low-power, reliable.
Cache memory is small, very fast memory located between CPU and RAM. Importance: 1) Speed: It is 10x faster than RAM, stores frequently used data and instructions. 2) Reduces CPU waiting time: CPU doesn't need to wait for slow RAM. 3) Improves overall system performance and speed. 4) Stores copy of main memory data that CPU uses most. Without cache, CPU would be idle waiting for RAM, performance drops drastically. Types: L1, L2, L3 cache inside processor.
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display): Uses CCFL (Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp) backlight. Thicker, consumes more power, less brightness, lower contrast, cheaper, older technology.
LED (Light Emitting Diode): Actually LED-backlit LCD. Uses LEDs for backlight. Thinner, consumes less power (40% less), more brightness, higher contrast ratio, better colors, longer lifespan, slightly expensive, modern technology. Both use liquid crystals, difference is backlight source. LED is improved version of LCD.
SSD is a modern storage device that uses flash memory (like USB) instead of spinning magnetic disks like HDD. No moving parts. Characteristics: Very fast read/write speed (10x faster than HDD), boots Windows in 10-15 seconds, low power consumption, silent, shock resistant, expensive per GB, smaller capacity traditionally but now large. Used in laptops, ultrabooks, gaming PCs. Types: SATA SSD, NVMe SSD (fastest). Replacing HDD gradually.
Stand Alone OS is an operating system that runs on a single computer (desktop/laptop) and does not require network connection. It manages single user and single computer resources. It provides interface between user and hardware for that specific machine only. Examples: Windows 10, Windows 11, macOS, Linux Ubuntu for PC. Functions: File management, memory management, process management for that one computer. Different from Network OS (Windows Server) and Distributed OS which manage multiple computers.
CAD software is used to create, modify, analyze, and optimize engineering designs and drawings on computer instead of manual drafting. Purpose: 1) Create accurate 2D drawings and 3D models, 2) Easy to modify and correct designs, 3) Save time and cost vs manual drawing, 4) Simulate and test product before manufacturing, 5) Improve quality and precision. Examples: AutoCAD, SolidWorks, CATIA, Fusion 360. Used in architecture (building plans), mechanical (machine parts), electrical (circuit design), interior design.
Video Conferencing is technology that allows two or more people at different locations to communicate via video and audio in real-time over internet. Importance: 1) Saves time and travel cost - meeting from home/office, 2) Enables remote work and work from home, 3) Used in online education (Zoom classes), 4) Connects global teams, business meetings, 5) Used in telemedicine - doctor consults remote patient, 6) Keeps family/friends connected. Software: Zoom, Google Meet, Microsoft Teams, Skype. Became very important after COVID-19 pandemic.
Tips to avoid cyber crimes: 1) Use strong passwords (mix of uppercase, lowercase, numbers, symbols) and change regularly, never share password. 2) Use antivirus and keep it updated, keep Windows updated. 3) Do not click unknown links in emails/SMS (phishing). 4) Avoid using public Wi-Fi for banking, use VPN if needed. 5) Enable Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) for email, Facebook, banking. 6) Do not share personal info (CNIC, bank details) on social media or unknown websites. 7) Download software only from official websites. 8) Backup important data regularly. 9) Be careful with online shopping - check website is https and genuine. 10) Educate yourself about latest scams.
Definition: Cloud Storage is a model where data is stored on remote servers maintained by third-party providers (like Google, Microsoft, Amazon) and accessed over the Internet instead of local hard drive. Data is stored in data centers worldwide with redundancy. Examples: Google Drive (15GB free), Dropbox, OneDrive, iCloud.
Importance in today's life: 1) Accessibility: Access data from anywhere, any device (mobile, laptop) with internet. 2) Backup & Safety: If phone/laptop lost or damaged, data safe on cloud, not lost. 3) Sharing: Easy to share large files via link with friends/colleagues. 4) Cost Saving: No need to buy expensive hard drives, free storage up to 15GB. 5) Collaboration: Multiple people can edit same document simultaneously (Google Docs). 6) Automatic Sync: Photos from mobile automatically backup to Google Photos. 7) Business Use: Companies store big data without maintaining own servers. Cloud storage is backbone of modern internet life.
Operating System: Operating System is system software that acts as interface between user and computer hardware. It manages all hardware and software resources and provides services for application software. Without OS computer is useless. Examples: Windows 10/11, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS.
Functions of OS: 1) Process Management: Manages processes, multitasking, CPU scheduling, creates/deletes processes.
2) Memory Management: Allocates RAM to programs, manages virtual memory, tracks memory usage.
3) File Management: Creates, deletes, organizes files and folders, controls access permissions.
4) Device Management: Manages input/output devices via drivers (printer, keyboard, mouse) using device controllers.
5) Security & Protection: Provides user authentication (password), prevents unauthorized access, protects data.
6) User Interface: Provides GUI (windows, icons) and CLI (command prompt) for user interaction.
7) Networking: Manages network connections, internet access, file sharing.
Data travel on Internet follows TCP/IP model and packet switching. Steps:
1) Sender Creates Data: User types email or clicks website, data created on sender computer.
2) Data is Broken into Packets: At Transport Layer, TCP breaks large data into small packets (e.g., 1500 bytes each), adds sequence numbers.
3) IP Addressing: At Network Layer, IP adds source IP (sender) and destination IP (receiver) addresses to each packet (like envelope with address).
4) Routing: Packets go to router, router checks routing table and decides best path to destination. Each packet may take different path through multiple routers and networks.
5) Transmission via Media: Packets travel through transmission media - fiber optic cables, copper wires, wireless, satellite across world.
6) Reassembly at Receiver: At receiver side, TCP reassembles packets in correct order using sequence numbers, checks for errors, requests retransmission if packet lost.
7) Delivery to Application: Reassembled data delivered to application (browser shows webpage, email app shows email).
Example: Sending WhatsApp message from Peshawar to Karachi - message broken into packets, travels via PTCL fiber, undersea cables, arrives and reassembles.
Social Media: Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, YouTube, X (Twitter) where people create, share content and network. E-commerce: Buying and selling goods/services online.
Importance of Social Media in E-commerce: 1) Marketing & Advertising: Businesses advertise products to millions at low cost, targeted ads based on age, interest, location. Facebook Ads, Instagram Ads very powerful.
2) Brand Awareness: Small businesses can build brand without big budget via pages, reels, viral content.
3) Direct Sales: Facebook Shop, Instagram Shopping, TikTok Shop allow direct purchase without leaving app. Live shopping.
4) Customer Engagement & Feedback: Customers comment, review, ask questions, build trust. Quick customer support via messenger.
5) Influencer Marketing: Influencers promote products to followers, increases sales drastically.
6) Market Research: Businesses analyze likes, comments, trends to know customer needs.
7) Cost Effective: Compared to TV/newspaper ads, social media ads cheaper and measurable.
Example: A clothing shop in Peshawar sells via Instagram page, posts reels, takes orders on WhatsApp, delivers via TCS - whole business runs on social media. Social media is engine of modern e-commerce.